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There is no classification generally agreed upon, but some titles given to the
various branches of behaviorism include:
-
Classical: The behaviorism of Watson; the objective study of behavior; no mental life, no internal states; thought
is convert speech.
- Methodological: The objective study
of third-person behavior; the data of psychology must be inter-subjectively
verifiable; no theoretical prescriptions.
It has been absorbed into general experimental and cognitive psychology.
-
Radical: Skinner's behaviorism;
is considered radical since it expands behavioral principles to processes
within the organism; in contrast to methodological behaviorism; not
mechanistic or reductionist; hypothetical (mentalistic) internal states are
not considered causes of behavior, phenomena must be observable at least to
the individual experiencing them. Willard
Van Orman Quine used many of
radical behaviorism's ideas in his study of knowing and language.
- Logical: Established by Oxford
philosopher Gilbert
Ryle in his book The Concept of
Mind (1949).
- Teleological: Post-Skinnerian,
purposive, close to microeconomics.
- Theoretical: Post-Skinnerian,
accepts observable internal states ("within the skin" once meant
"unobservable", but with modern technology we are not so constrained);
dynamic, but eclectic in
choice of theoretical structures, emphasizes parsimony.
- Biological: Post-Skinnerian,
centered on perceptual and motor modules of behavior, theory of behavior
systems.
- Inter behaviorism: Founded by J.
R. Kantor before Skinner's
writings and currently worked by L. Hayes; E. Ribes; and S. Bijou. centered in
the inter behavior of organisms, field theory of behavior; emphasis on human
behavior.
Two popular subtypes are Neo: Hullian and
post-Hullian, theoretical, group data, not dynamic, physiological, and Purposive: Tolman's
behavioristic anticipation of cognitive psychology.
Basically, we can say that behaviourism is a theory derived from plenty of
scientific data. Although it rejects the idea of "mind", the theory is, still,
very valid.
the following are some tips to read a person during a conversation.
Scenario:
During an interview, the hands of the person being interviewed begin to move
around. The body parts he touches actually reveal his emotional state! You don't
think so? Let's see!ay
be used to work in places that don't have a strong sense of pressure and
challenge. Most of the time, work doesn't bring him a sense of success but
tiredness and poor performance.
Face: People who touch their
mouth, face, nose, or somewhere around those parts are transmitting a message
that they are tired and sick of the long waiting time.
Showing such actions during an interview imply that you are not "scared" of the
interviewer and show little or no interests in the topic discussing.
Caution that you may irritate the other person and leave a bad first impression.
People who usually
show such actions imply they see themselves quite high. Most of them are
suitable for more challenging tasks, however their impatience may get them into
a lot of trouble.
Also, touching different part of face refers to different emotional state.
Eye: The person is probably thinking
Ear: feeling agitated, not knowing the answer to the question.
Shoulders: the person is very focused on the conversation and
shows a high interests of the topic discussing.
People who touch their shoulders frequently like to express themselves and
strive for a sense of importance among the group. They are very sensitive to
criticisms.
If they do not get the sense of importance in the workplace, they would probably
not feel happy working in the environment.
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