Highlight Notes Chapter 4

Attending to and Manipulating Information
1. Attention.
Define Attention. Mention the two main features of attention.

List and describe the theories of Attention.  Point out the main problems faced by the early Attention theories.  Write the principal argument that supports the idea that Attention can be seen as a capacity.  Describe the main proposition(s) of the Multimode Theory of Attention.  

2.  Automaticity.
Define Automaticity. Describe the Stroop effect.  Mention the factors that affect accuracy.  Indicate the main difference between consistent and varied mapping conditions in terms of results.  Explain the constraints of automaticity.  

3. Short-Term Memory.
Define STM including its characteristics.  How does the coding of STM occur? Are there any visuospatial processing differences between genders? Mention the factors that affect the loss of information in STM.  Explain the detrimental effects of interference according with the encoding, overwriting and retrieval perspectives. 

4.  Modular Approach to STM: Working Memory
Describe the two sub-components of the Articulatory Loop and its functions.  Explain Articulatory Suppression and indicate its effects in users of ASL.  Detail the functions of the Visuo-Spatial sketchpad and the Central executive and their role in WM.  Compare the advantages/disadvantages of using a Working Memory model over a STM model in terms of memory span and memory capacity. 

5. Cognitive Neuroscience
A) Draw and label the cortical areas involved in articulatory processing in working memory, phonological storage and subvocal rehearsal.

B) Name and describe different types of procedures used by cognitive researchers to study the two components of the articulatory loop.

Do all of the STOP and THINK exercises on pages 122, 127, 133, 138, 139, 146, and 155.
Do all of the STOP and REVIEW sections (pages 125, 126, 133, 134, 148, 157 and 158).  Define all of the key terms on pages 158-159.

BONUS  provide a one-two page (double-spaced) review of an empirical article directly related to the study of attention.  One author to consider is Pashler.